In March 2015, the Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industry (LCCI) and the Lahore School of Economics signed a Memorandum of Understanding, which established a link between academia and the business community. As part of this collaboration, the Innovation and Technology Centre of the Lahore School (headed by Azam Chaudhry and Theresa Thompson Chaudhry) and the LCCI are conducting three annual business confidence surveys (starting in 2015) to understand the perceptions of the business community regarding the prevailing economic conditions and the level of innovation being done. The results of each business confidence survey are summarized in a yearly business confidence report. (The report is available here: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiP1YGz1fvxAhWTQxUIHYM9DJoQFjAAegQIBhAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Flcci.com.pk%2FAnalysis_Business_Confidence_Survey_2015.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1or0yWmkiVQ2rdlyQofw5F)